Three Models of Digital Sovereignty
Three distinct approaches to digital sovereignty are now operational:
US model: Platform dominance + signals intelligence access + sanctions enforcement
EU model: Regulatory sovereignty + data protection + competition enforcement
PRC model: Infrastructure ownership + data localisation + content control + technology self-sufficiency
The Infrastructure Layer
Control over physical infrastructure — submarine cables, cloud data centres, semiconductor fabrication, and satellite constellations — has become the primary terrain of digital sovereignty competition. States that control these chokepoints can enforce policy regardless of application-layer governance.